Reinforcement Pad

1. Is there a max temperature limit for the use of reinfocrcing pad (and start using a tee)?
2. Is there any rule-of-thumb to figure out the size of the reinforcing pad given just the nominal size of header?
3. What is the max permissible gap between the periphery of the reinf. Pad and to the pipe to ehich it is attached.? 4.Is the use of 100 kpa test pressure sufficient for the soap and bubble test of the reinf. Pad?

excerpts from the book "what went wrong" by t. kletz/ page 130

"several pipe failures have occured because reinforcement pads have been welded to pipe walls, to strenthen them near a suport or branch, and the spaces between the pads and the walls were not vented" Received on Sun Jun 24 08:57:00 2001