Piping and Equipment Insulation (PDF)

Norsok Standards

Vacuum Insulated Piping Technical Specification (PDF)

Chart Industries

Vacuum Insulated Piping Installation, Operation and Maintenance Instructions (PDF)

Chart Industries

How to Maintain Liquid Cryogen Quality

Process-Cooling.com

<<Liquid cryogens normally exist as a two-phase fluid — a mix of liquid and gas. Liquid cryogen quality refers to the ratio of liquid cryogen within the two-phase cryogenic fluid. A higher percentage of liquid results in a higher quality cryogenic fluid as well as higher cooling capacity per pound of fluid. Consequently, cryogenic liquid quality is an important factor when designing a cryogenic piping system for process cooling. One way to maintain high quality is to minimize heat leak into the piping system. This is best accomplished with vacuum-insulated, multilayer insulation. However, certain applications require a higher quality liquid than a vacuum-insulated piping system alone is able to deliver.>>

Comparing Cryogenic System Operating Costs

Process-Cooling.com

<<Cryogenic piping system design is dependent upon the system's application and operating characteristics. When selecting a pipe insulating system for cryogenic applications, base your decision upon the application's operating characteristics, and keep in mind how usage pattern can affect your insulating system choice. Key operating factors to consider include: cryogenic fluid flow rate, fluid type, usage pattern or cycle time of the cooling application, required liquid quality, distance from the liquid storage point to the use point. Cryogenic applications can be segmented into four general categories: high flow continuous operation, low flow continuous operation, high flow intermittent operation and low flow intermittent operation. To determine each category's most efficient insulating system, the designer must calculate the system's total cooling losses. This total includes the initial cooldown losses to chill the process pipe to cryogenic temperature plus the steady-state heat leak into the piping system.>>

Foamed In Place Underground Refrigeration Piping

RefrigerationConcepts.com

<<Many of the problems with underground refrigeration piping is refrigerant leaks due to stress or corrosion and underground freezing. The result is repairs costing thousands of dollars. Leaks can occur from corrosion due to soil conditions or stress caused by expansion and contraction due to the varying temperatures of the piping.>>

Pipe Insulation Basics

Integrated Publishing's Engineering Basics

<<The main purpose of insulating pipelines is to prevent heat passage from steam or hot-water pipes to the surrounding air or from the surrounding air to cold-water lines. In some cold regions, insulation also prevents water from freezing in a pipe, especially when the pipe runs outside a building. Thus, hot-water lines are insulated to prevent loss of heat from the hot water, while potable waterlines are insulated to prevent absorption of heat in drinking water. Insulation also subdues noise made by the flow of water inside pipes, such as water closet discharges. Common types of pipe insulating materials are shown in figure 8-12.>>

Piping Insulation

Southern Alberta Institute of Technology

<<Most power plant piping systems are used to convey substances that are at temperatures much higher than that of the surrounding air. Examples would include the main steam piping and feedwater piping. In order to reduce the amount of heat lost to the surrounding air from the hot substance, the piping is covered with insulation. The insulation not only retains the heat in the hot lines but also prevents the temperature inside the power plant building from becoming uncomfortably high. In addition, insulation of hot pipe lines will prevent injury to personnel due to contact with the bare surfaces of the pipe. In the case of piping which carries substances at a lower temperature than that of the surrounding air, insulating the piping will prevent sweating of the pipe and consequent dripping and corrosion.>>

Tightening Tolerance - Getting the Right Fit for Pipe Insulation

Insulation Outlook

Understanding Underground Pipe Insulation

National Insulation Association

Heat Conservation

Pipe Insulation Design Tips from Extol of Ohio

Aerogel-Based Super-Insulation

Aspen Systems, Inc.

<<The Aerogel-Based Super-Insulation was developed by Aspen Systems, Inc., of Marlborough, Massachusetts. This technology was developed under a NASA Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) contract for KSC. This superinsulation is an innovative, flexible cryogenic insulation with extremely low thermal conductivity. The design of this product takes advantage of the low thermal conductivity of the ultralow-density aerogels (ULDA's) and incorporates a flexible, durable matrix to maximize applicability. The core of the superinsulation technology is aerogels formed at the fiber-fiber contacts, forcing solid heat transfer to occur through the aerogels. This configuration both improves the ease of handling aerogels and reduces the heat transfer rate through the fiber materials. The close-packed structure of aerogels also eliminates the open structures in the fiber matrix and, thereby, minimizes convection heat transfer.>>

ASTM Classification Numbers

Extol Ohio