Densities and Sonic Velocities

Boiswood Gas and Liquid Control Technologies

<< A table of densities and sonic velocities of a variety of fluids (from CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 62nd Edition, 1981-1982) is provided below:>>

Temperature Measurement

McMaster University

<<Temperature control is important for separation and reaction processes, and temperature must be maintained within limits to ensure safe and reliable operation of process equipment. Temperature can be measured by many methods; several of the more common are described in this subsection. You should understand the strengths and limitations of each sensor, so that you can select the best sensor for each application. In nearly all cases, the temperature sensor is protected from the process materials to prevent interference with proper sensing and to eliminate damage to the sensor. Thus, some physically strong, chemically resistant barrier exists between the process and sensor; often, this barrier is termed a sheath or thermowell, especially for thermocouple sensors. An additional advantage of such a barrier is the ability to remove, replace, and calibrate the sensor without disrupting the process operation.>>

Pressure and Temperature Measurement Devices - Liquid

FMC Measurement Solutions

Selecting a Pressure Gauge

GaugeStore.com

<<When selecting a pressure gauge, it is important to consider the following factors to insure safety and accuracy.>>

Selecting a Pressure Transmitter

Kele

Pressure Transmitter Installation Considerations in High Vibration Environments

Siemens-Moore Process automation, Inc.

<<It is the natural tendency of any piping system to vibrate when fluid is passed through it. The amplitude and frequency of vibration is proportional to various parameters of the system, including, but not limited to, pipe length, pipe diameter, system damping, fluid viscosity and fluid velocity. Energy from a vibrating system will be transferred to any body in physical contact with the system. If the frequency of vibration is at a resonant or natural frequency of an attached component, that component can vibrate at significantly higher amplitudes than the rest of the system. This can lead to premature failure of the component. This is especially critical in applications where the attached component has no external support or damping.>>

Fitting the Instrument Into the Process

Control Engineering Online

<<The "nuts and bolts" issues that crop up in instrument integration can take a back seat to high-tech specifications. Although mounting issues seem mundane, they can figure prominently into overall success of an instrument's commissioning. General guidelines for the "big four" (pressure, temperature, level, and flow) vary little from one manufacturer to another. In most cases, if common sense prevails, correct placement of the sensor and transmitter is usually routine. The sensor is the business-end of any instrument. Standing at the front line of the process, they usually bear the brunt of the process media assault. Their protection requirements can be much more application specific. Transmitters, on the other hand, can be more easily protected from harm.>>

Selecting a Pressure Gauge [DEAD LINK?]

WIKA Instrument Corporation